Ovine Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by activated macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells in sheep (Ovis aries) in response to infection, tissue injury, or inflammatory stimuli. Synthesized as an inactive precursor (pro–IL-1β), it is cleaved into its active form by caspase-1 within inflammasome complexes—most notably the NLRP3 inflammasome—and signals through the IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), activating NF-κB and MAPK pathways that promote fever, leukocyte recruitment, endothelial activation, and acute-phase protein production. In ovine health, IL-1β plays a central role in inflammatory conditions associated with mastitis, pneumonia, foot rot, enteric infections, parasitic infestations, and viral diseases such as ovine progressive pneumonia (maedi-visna), where excessive IL-1β production can contribute to tissue damage and chronic inflammation. Elevated IL-1β expression is also observed in the mammary gland during intramammary infection and serves as a marker of disease severity. As a biomarker of innate immune activation, ovine IL-1β is important for evaluating vaccine responses and immune status in flock management. In veterinary and translational research, characterization of ovine IL-1β supports studies of inflammasome biology, host–pathogen interactions in small ruminants, inflammatory regulation, and development of targeted anti-inflammatory strategies relevant to both animal health and comparative immunology.