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Bovine IFN gamma (Yeast-derived Recombinant Protein) - 25 micrograms

RP0013B-025
$300.00
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Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons. This interferon was originally called macrophage-activating factor, a term now used to describe a larger family of proteins to which IFN-gamma belongs. IFN-gamma, or type II interferon, is a cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and for tumor control. Aberrant IFN-gamma expression is associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The importance of IFN-gamma in the immune system stems in part from its ability to inhibit viral replication directly, but, most important, derives from its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. IFN-gamma is produced predominantly by natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells as part of the innate immune response, and by CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops.

Alternate Names - IFNG, IFG, IFI, interferon, gamma, interferon gamma

IFN-γ Homology Across Species
Bos taurus (cattle) IFN-γ – 100%
Bos indicus (zebu) IFN-γ – 100%
Bison bison bison (bison) IFN-γ – 99%
Bison bonasus (European bison) IFN-γ – 99%
Bos mutus (wild yak) IFN-γ – 99%
Syncerus caffer (African buffalo) IFN-γ – 99%
More - https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Bovine IFN gamma (Yeast-derived Recombinant Protein) - 25 micrograms
Catalog No.:
RP0013B-025
Quantity:
25 ug
Source:
The Bovine IFN gamma recombinant protein was produced in yeast and therefore does not have endotoxin, is naturally folded, and post-translationally modified.
MW:
The Bovine IFN gamma recombinant protein has a predicted molecular weight of 16.9 kDa.
Protein Sequence:
QGQFFREIEN LKEYFNASSP DVAKGGPLFS EILKNWKDES DKKIIQSQIV SFYFKLFENL KDNQVIQRSM DIIKQDMFQK FLNGSSEKLE DFKKLIQIPV DDLQIQRKAI NELIKVMNDL SPKSNLRKRK RSQNLFRGRR AST (143)
Country of Origin:
USA
Applications:
The bovine IFN gamma endotoxin-free recombinant protein can be used in cell culture, as a IFN gamma ELISA Standard, and as a Western Blot Control.

32888966

A TLR7 agonist activates bovine Th1 response and exerts antiviral activity against bovine leukemia virus.

Sajiki Y, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Maekawa N, Nakamura H, Kato Y, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K.

Dev Comp Immunol. 2020 Sep 2;114:103847. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103847.

Applications: Measurement of bovine TNF alpha, IFN alpha, and IFN gamma in culture supernatants by ELISA


32132555

Lactation stage impacts the glycolytic function of bovine CD4+ T cells during ex vivo activation.

Eder JM, Gorden PJ, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RE.

Sci Rep. 2020 Mar 4;10(1):4045. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60691-2.

Applications: Measurement of bovine TNF alpha, IL-2, and IFN gamma in culture supernatants by ELISA

Abstract

Dairy cattle undergo dynamic physiological changes over the course of a full lactation into the dry period, which impacts their immunocompetence. During activationT cells undergo a characteristic rewiring to increase the uptake of glucose and metabolically reprogram to favor aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation. To date it remains to be completely elucidated how the altered energetic demands associated with lactation in dairy cows impacts T cell metabolic reprogramming. Thus, in our ex vivo studies we have examined the influence of stage of lactation (early lactation into the dry period) on cellular metabolism in activated bovine CD4+ T cells. Results showed higher rates of glycolytic function in activated CD4+ T cells from late lactation and dry cows compared to cells from early and mid-lactation cows. Similarly, protein and mRNA expression of cytokines were higher in CD4+ T cells from dry cows than CD4+ T cells from lactating cows. The data suggest CD4+ T cells from lactating cows have an altered metabolic responsiveness that could impact the immunocompetence of these animals, particularly those in early lactation, and increase their susceptibility to infection.


31690788

Characterization of local and circulating bovine γδ T cell responses to respiratory BCG vaccination.

Guerra-Maupome M, McGill JL.

Sci Rep. 2019 Nov 5;9(1):15996. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52565-z.

Applications: Detection of bovine IL-17A and bovine IFN gamma secreting cells by ELISPOT; Measurement of bovine IL-17A and bovine IFN gamma in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by ELISA

Abstract

The Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is administered parenterally to infants and young children to prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection. However, the protection induced by BCG is highly variable and the vaccine does not prevent pulmonary TB, the most common form of the illness. Until improved TB vaccines are available, it is crucial to use BCG in a manner which ensures optimal vaccine performance. Immunization directly to the respiratory mucosa has been shown to promote greater protection from TB in animal models. γδ T cells play a major role in host defense at mucosal sites and are known to respond robustly to mycobacterial infection. Their positioning in the respiratory mucosa ensures their engagement in the response to aerosolized TB vaccination. However, our understanding of the effect of respiratory BCG vaccination on γδ T cell responses in the lung is unknown. In this study, we used a calf model to investigate the immunogenicity of aerosol BCG vaccination, and the phenotypic profile of peripheral and mucosal γδ T cells responding to vaccination. We observed robust local and systemic M. bovis-specific IFN-γ and IL-17 production by both γδ and CD4 T cells. Importantly, BCG vaccination induced effector and memory cell differentiation of γδ T cells in both the lower airways and peripheral blood, with accumulation of a large proportion of effector memory γδ T cells in both compartments. Our results demonstrate the potential of the neonatal calf model to evaluate TB vaccine candidates that are to be administered via the respiratory tract, and suggest that aerosol immunization is a promising strategy for engaging γδ T cells in vaccine-induced immunity against TB.


31641172

Vitamin A deficiency impairs the immune response to intranasal vaccination and RSV infection in neonatal calves.

McGill JL, Kelly SM, Guerra-Maupome M, Winkley E, Henningson J, Narasimhan B, Sacco RE.

Sci Rep. 2019 Oct 22;9(1):15157. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51684-x.

Applications: Measurement of bovine IL-17A and bovine IFN gamma in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by ELISA

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of the most prevalent nutrition-related health problems in the world and is a significant risk factor in the development of severe respiratory infections in infants and young children. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is a primary cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young cattle. The calf model of BRSV infection is useful to understand the immune response to human RSV infection. We have previously developed an amphiphilic polyanhydride nanoparticle (NP)-based vaccine (i.e., nanovaccine) encapsulating the fusion and attachment proteins from BRSV (BRSV-NP). Calves receiving a single, intranasal dose of the BRSV-NP vaccine are partially protected from BRSV challenge. Here, we evaluated the impact of VAD on the immune response to the BRSV-NP vaccine and subsequent challenge with BRSV. Our results show that VAD calves are unable to respond to the mucosal BRSV-NP vaccine, are afforded no protection from BRSV challenge and have significant abnormalities in the inflammatory response in the infected lung. We further show that acute BRSV infection negatively impacts serum and liver retinol, rendering even well-nourished individuals susceptible to VAD. Our results support the use of the calf model for elucidating the impact of nutritional status on mucosal immunity and respiratory viral infection in infants and underline the importance of VA in regulating immunity in the respiratory mucosa.


30908540

Prophylactic digoxin treatment reduces IL-17 production in vivo in the neonatal calf and moderates RSV-associated disease.

McGill JL, Guerra-Maupome M, Schneider S.

PLoS One. 2019 Mar 25;14(3):e0214407. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214407. eCollection 2019.

Applications: Detection of bovine IL-17A and bovine IFN gamma secreting cells by ELISPOT; Measurement of bovine IL-17A and bovine IFN gamma in nasal secretions by ELISA

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in human infants. Bovine RSV infection of neonatal calves is pathologically and immunologically similar to RSV infection in infants, and is therefore a useful preclinical model for testing novel therapeutics. Treatment of severe RSV bronchiolitis relies on supportive care and may include use of bronchodilators and inhaled or systemic corticosteroids. Interleukin-17A (IL-17) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in neutrophil recruitment and activation. IL-17 is increased in children and rodents with severe RSV infection; and in calves with severe BRSV infection. It is currently unclear if IL-17 and Th17 immunity is beneficial or detrimental to the host during RSV infection. Digoxin was recently identified to selectively inhibit IL-17 production by antagonizing its transcription factor, retinoid-related orphan receptor γ t (RORγt). Digoxin inhibits RORγt binding to IL-17 and Th17 associated genes, and suppresses IL-17 production in vitro in human and murine leukocytes and in vivo in rodent models of autoimmune disease. We demonstrate here that in vitro and in vivo digoxin treatment also inhibits IL-17 production by bovine leukocytes. To determine the role of IL-17 in primary RSV infection, calves were treated prophylactically with digoxin and infected with BRSV. Digoxin treated calves demonstrated reduced signs of clinical illness after BRSV infection, and reduced lung pathology compared to untreated control calves. Digoxin treatment did not adversely affect virus shedding or lung viral burden, but had a significant impact on pulmonary inflammatory cytokine expression on day 10 post infection. Together, our results suggest that exacerbated expression of IL-17 has a negative impact on RSV disease, and that development of specific therapies targeting Th17 immunity may be a promising strategy to improve disease outcome during severe RSV infection.


27025389

Arginine Supplementation Recovered the IFN-γ-Mediated Decrease in Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis by Inhibiting the GCN2/eIF2α Pathway, Which Induces Autophagy in Primary Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Xia X, Che Y, Gao Y, Zhao S, Ao C, Yang H, Liu J, Liu G, Han W, Wang Y, Lei L.

Mol Cells. 2016 May 31;39(5):410-7. doi: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2358. Epub 2016 Mar 30.

Applications: Treatment of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) with IFN gamma in culture

Abstract

During the lactation cycle of the bovine mammary gland, autophagy is induced in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) as a cellular homeostasis and survival mechanism. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is an important antiproliferative and apoptogenic factor that has been shown to induce autophagy in multiple cell lines in vitro. However, it remains unclear whether IFN-γ can induce autophagy and whether autophagy affects milk synthesis in BMECs. To understand whether IFN-γ affects milk synthesis, we isolated and purified primary BMECs and investigated the effect of IFN-γ on milk synthesis in primary BMECs in vitro. The results showed that IFN-γ significantly inhibits milk synthesis and that autophagy was clearly induced in primary BMECs in vitro within 24 h. Interestingly, autophagy was observed following IFN-γ treatment, and the inhibition of autophagy can improve milk protein and milk fat synthesis. Conversely, upregulation of autophagy decreased milk synthesis. Furthermore, mechanistic analysis confirmed that IFN-γ mediated autophagy by depleting arginine and inhibiting the general control nonderepressible-2 kinase (GCN2)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) signaling pathway in BMECs. Then, it was found that arginine supplementation could attenuate IFN-γ-induced autophagy and recover milk synthesis to some extent. These findings may not only provide a novel measure for preventing the IFN-γ-induced decrease in milk quality but also a useful therapeutic approach for IFN-γ-associated breast diseases in other animals and humans.


23569115

Key role for the alternative sigma factor, SigH, in the intracellular life of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during macrophage stress.

Ghosh P, Wu CW, Talaat AM.

Infect Immun. 2013 Apr 8.

Applications: Stimulation of bovine MDM cells.

Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease, an enteric infection in cattle and other ruminants, greatly afflicting the dairy industry worldwide. Once inside the cell, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is known to survive harsh microenvironments, especially those inside activated macrophages. To improve our understanding of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogenesis, we examined phagosome maturation associated with transcriptional responses of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis during macrophage infection. Monitoring cellular markers, only live M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacilli were able to prevent phagosome maturation and reduce its acidification. On the transcriptional level, over 300 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genes were significantly and differentially regulated in both naive and IFN-γ-activated macrophages. These genes include the sigma factor H (sigH) that was shown to be important for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival inside gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-activated bovine macrophages. Interestingly, an sigH-knockout mutant showed increased sensitivity to a sustained level of thiol-specific oxidative stress. Large-scale RNA sequence analysis revealed that a large number of genes belong to the sigH regulon, especially following diamide stress. Genes involved in oxidative stress and virulence were among the induced genes in the sigH regulon with a putative consensus sequence for SigH binding that was recognized in a subset of these genes (n = 30), suggesting direct regulation by SigH. Finally, mice infections showed a significant attenuation of the ΔsigH mutant compared to its parental strain, suggesting a role for sigH in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis virulence. Such analysis could identify potential targets for further testing as vaccine candidates against Johne's disease.


22627785

Classically or alternatively activated bovine monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro do not resemble CD163/Calprotectin biased macrophage populations in the teat.

Düvel A, Frank C, Schnapper A, Schuberth HJ, Sipka A

Innate Immun. 2012 May 23.

Applications: Stimulation of bovine MDM cells.

Abstract
The functional phenotype of resident macrophages significantly determines the character of an inflammatory response. In this study we identified two phenotypes of tissue macrophages in bovine teat tissue based on expression of Calprotectin and CD163. To investigate a possible link between the dichotomy in phenotype and functional properties of cells in association with different host mediators we set up an in vitro model with bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (MdM). In vitro differentiated MdM invariably and uniformly expressed both antigens. Classically activated MdM (IFN-γ priming and LPS stimulation) showed a decreased CD163 expression while alternative activation (IL-4/IL-13 priming) did not change expression of CD163 and Calprotectin. Differently activated MdM showed a clearly distinct expression of genes related to classical (IL-12, inducible NO synthase) or alternative activation (IL-10, arginase I). The presence of the inflammatory host mediator prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) neither influenced expression of Calprotectin and CD163 nor gene expression profiles in MdM generated in the presence of PGE(2) (PGE(2)-MdM). Supernatants of PGE(2-)MdM, however, significantly dampened the migration of neutrophilic granulocytes. The results of this study highlight the discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro obtained macrophages and point to the necessity to analyze the functional capacities of bovine tissue macrophages in situ.


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