Human CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), also known as IP-10 (Interferon gamma–induced protein 10), is a proinflammatory chemokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family, which also includes CXCL9 (MIG) and CXCL11 (I-TAC) that regulate T-cell recruitment during antiviral and inflammatory immune responses. In humans (Homo sapiens), CXCL10 is produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and various tissue cells in response to interferon-γ (IFN-γ), viral infection, or inflammatory cytokines. CXCL10 signals primarily through the chemokine receptor CXCR3, which is expressed on activated T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and other immune cells, promoting chemotaxis and activation of these cells at sites of infection or inflammation. CXCL10 plays a critical role in antiviral immunity and Th1-type immune responses, particularly in infections such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and SARS-CoV-2, where elevated CXCL10 levels are associated with immune cell recruitment to infected tissues and inflammatory disease severity. Because dysregulated CXCL10 signaling has been linked to chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer-associated inflammation, human CXCL10 is widely studied in immunology, infectious disease research, and therapeutic development as both a biomarker of immune activation and a potential target for modulating inflammatory responses.