Caprine Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by activated macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells in goats (Capra hircus) in response to microbial infection, tissue injury, or inflammatory stimuli. Synthesized as an inactive precursor (pro–IL-1β), it is processed into its active form by caspase-1 within the inflammasome complex and signals through the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1), activating NF-κB and MAPK pathways that promote fever, leukocyte recruitment, endothelial activation, and acute-phase protein production. In caprine health, IL-1β plays a central role in inflammatory responses associated with economically significant diseases such as mastitis, caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE), pneumonia, caseous lymphadenitis, enteric infections, and parasitic infestations, where it contributes to both pathogen clearance and inflammatory tissue damage. Elevated IL-1β expression in the mammary gland is linked to neutrophil recruitment and severity of intramammary infection. As a biomarker of innate immune activation, caprine IL-1β is valuable for assessing disease progression, vaccine responses, and immune status in herd health management. In veterinary and comparative research, characterization of caprine IL-1β supports studies of inflammasome biology, host–pathogen interactions in small ruminants, inflammatory regulation, and development of targeted immunomodulatory strategies to improve animal health, productivity, and welfare.