Caprine Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine and a central member of the IL-6 cytokine family—including IL-6, IL-11, IL-27, IL-31, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), and cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1)—which signal through receptor complexes utilizing the shared gp130 subunit to activate JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways. In goats (Capra hircus), IL-6 plays a key role in regulating acute-phase protein production (such as haptoglobin and serum amyloid A), leukocyte activation, B- and T-cell differentiation, and systemic inflammatory responses during infection, tissue injury, and metabolic stress. Elevated IL-6 expression is associated with economically significant caprine diseases including mastitis, caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE), caseous lymphadenitis, pneumonia, enteric infections, and parasitic infestations, where it contributes to fever, local inflammation, and disease severity. As a biomarker, caprine IL-6 is valuable for monitoring herd health, assessing vaccine responses, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. In animal health and translational research, characterization of caprine IL-6 and related family members supports studies of host-pathogen interactions, inflammatory regulation in small ruminants, comparative immunology, and the development of immune-based strategies to improve productivity, welfare, and disease resistance in goat populations.