Caprine Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon cytokine that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity and regulation of antimicrobial responses in goats (Capra hircus). IFN-γ is primarily produced by activated T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells following stimulation by pathogens or inflammatory signals. Caprine IFN-γ binds to the interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) expressed on a wide range of immune and non-immune cells, activating intracellular signaling through the JAK–STAT pathway, particularly STAT1, which induces the expression of numerous interferon-stimulated genes involved in antimicrobial defense and immune regulation. In goats, IFN-γ is critical for activation of macrophages, enhancement of antigen presentation, and control of intracellular pathogens, particularly mycobacterial and parasitic infections. In caprine health, IFN-γ plays an important role in immunity against diseases such as caprine paratuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Because IFN-γ production is a key marker of cell-mediated immune responses, caprine IFN-γ is widely used in diagnostic assays such as IFN-γ release tests for detection of bovine and caprine tuberculosis, making it an important molecule in veterinary immunology, disease diagnostics, and vaccine research in ruminant species.