Rabbit erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the kidneys in response to hypoxia that regulates erythropoiesis by binding to the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) on erythroid progenitor cells, activating JAK2/STAT5, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways to promote red blood cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. In rabbits, EPO is essential for maintaining oxygen homeostasis and supporting recovery from anemia caused by blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, chronic disease, or experimental interventions. In rabbit health, EPO contributes to normal growth, tissue oxygenation, and adaptation to physiological stress, while dysregulated erythropoiesis may be associated with renal dysfunction or hematologic disorders. Rabbits are widely used as animal models in hematology, cardiovascular research, renal physiology, and regenerative medicine due to their manageable size and physiological similarities to humans. Consequently, rabbit EPO is an important tool for studying erythropoiesis, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling, anemia associated with chronic kidney disease, and the preclinical evaluation of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and tissue-protective therapies relevant to human medicine.