Feline Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone belonging to the type I cytokine family that regulates erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells. In cats (Felis catus), erythropoietin is produced primarily by peritubular interstitial cells in the kidney, with smaller amounts produced in the liver, in response to hypoxia or reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Feline EPO binds to the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) on erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, activating signaling pathways such as JAK2–STAT5, PI3K–AKT, and MAPK, which promote survival, proliferation, and differentiation of erythroid precursor cells into mature red blood cells. In feline health, erythropoietin is essential for maintaining normal hematocrit and oxygen delivery to tissues, and insufficient EPO production is a major contributor to anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a common condition in aging cats. Cats also serve as clinical models for studying anemia of chronic kidney disease, and research on feline erythropoietin has contributed to understanding the pathophysiology of renal anemia and the therapeutic use of recombinant erythropoietin or EPO-stimulating agents to manage anemia in both veterinary and human medicine.