Rat erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the kidneys in response to hypoxia that regulates erythropoiesis by binding to the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) on erythroid progenitor cells, activating JAK2/STAT5, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways to promote red blood cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. In rats, EPO is essential for maintaining oxygen homeostasis and is widely studied in models of anemia, chronic kidney disease, ischemia, and hypoxia. Beyond its hematopoietic function, rat EPO has demonstrated tissue-protective effects in experimental models of stroke, myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, and acute kidney injury through anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. As one of the most extensively characterized laboratory species, the rat is a valuable animal model for investigating erythropoiesis, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling, renal physiology, and the preclinical development of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and other therapies for anemia and tissue injury relevant to human medicine.