Bovine Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon produced primarily by activated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells in cattle (Bos taurus), where it plays a central role in cell-mediated (Th1-type) immunity against intracellular pathogens. IFN-γ signals through the IFN-γ receptor complex (IFNGR1/IFNGR2), activating JAK/STAT1 pathways and inducing genes involved in macrophage activation, enhanced antigen presentation via upregulation of MHC class I and II molecules, nitric oxide production, and promotion of cytotoxic T-cell responses. In bovine health, IFN-γ is critically important for defense against economically significant intracellular infections such as Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis), Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease), Brucella abortus, and certain viral pathogens including bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Measurement of antigen-specific IFN-γ release forms the basis of widely used diagnostic assays for bovine tuberculosis and serves as an indicator of cellular immune activation and vaccine responsiveness. Dysregulated or insufficient IFN-γ responses can contribute to chronic infection, pathogen persistence, and altered disease progression. In veterinary and translational research, characterization of bovine IFN-γ supports studies of host–pathogen interactions, Th1/Th2 immune balance, vaccine efficacy, and immune correlates of protection, while also providing a valuable large-animal model for understanding cell-mediated immunity relevant to human tuberculosis and other intracellular infectious diseases.