Bovine Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, which includes VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and placental growth factor (PlGF)—key regulators of angiogenesis and vascular development. In cattle (Bos taurus), VEGF-A is produced by multiple cell types including endothelial cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and trophoblast cells, particularly in response to hypoxia, inflammation, and tissue injury. VEGF-A exerts its biological effects mainly by binding to VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1/Flt-1) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2/KDR) on endothelial cells, activating intracellular signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and PLCγ, which promote endothelial cell proliferation, migration, vascular permeability, and formation of new blood vessels. In bovine physiology, VEGF-A plays critical roles in placental vascular development, reproductive function, mammary gland development, and tissue repair. It is particularly important during pregnancy and placentation, where VEGF-mediated angiogenesis supports maternal–fetal blood supply and nutrient exchange. VEGF-A is also involved in wound healing and inflammatory responses, contributing to vascular remodeling and tissue regeneration. Because angiogenesis is essential for reproductive efficiency, mammary gland function, and tissue repair in cattle, bovine VEGF-A is widely studied in reproductive biology, placental development, vascular biology, and livestock health research.